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कथम् [katham] ind. [किम्-प्रकारार्थे थमु कादेशश्च]
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How, in what way, in what manner, whence; कथं मारात्मके त्वयि विश्वासः [H.1;] अथ स वैद्यः कथम् Mu.2 'well, how did the physician fare'; सानुबन्धाः कथं न स्युः संपदो मे निरापदः [R.1.64,3.44;] कथमात्मानं निवेदयामि कथं वाऽऽत्मापहारं करोमि Ś.1 (where the speaker is doubtful as to the propriety of what he says).
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Oh what indeed ! (expressing surprise); कथं मामेवोद्दिशति [Ś.6.]
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It is often connected with the particles इव, नाम, नु, वा, or स्वित् in the sense of, 'how indeed', 'how possibly', 'I should like to know', (where the question is generalized); कथं वा गम्यते [U.3;] कथं नामैतत् [U.6.]
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